Consider a scenario where you have huge number of records(say 1 million) in a database table and you are required to select 100,000 records from that table based on a condition given in where clause. In most cases it will take more time to retrieve the records from that huge table as the DBMS should select a subset from the huge super set. One simple solution is to use SQL query hints, forcing indexes etc in the select query. But the query running time changed based on certain DB parameters. Another sophisticated solution will be to partition DB table.
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